The Economist, A And Opinion On International News,...

In November 2012, The Economist published â€Å"In Need of Help†. The Economist is a weekly newspaper that offers â€Å"insight and opinion on international news, politics, business, finance, science, and technology† (Economist.com). James Wilson established The Economist in 1843. A group of editors help write out the weekly editorials for The Economist. The main audience usually appeals to the Liberals. The Economist offers an online edition and a printed edition in order to broaden its audience. The weekly newspaper is printed in six different countries; though all of the readers receive the same editorial material, the words and advertisements differ. The Economist is written with a common conversational language type of text. The editors want the readers to be able to understand exactly what they are reading. The Economist successfully argues that poor people in America need a voice and support through their use of statistics, and stories. Poverty is defined as â€Å"the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support† (Dictoionary.com). The article was based out of Sumter, South Carolina which is a city with a small population. The editors chose a city that is truly poverty stricken in order to record the fullest extent of poverty for their readers. Through the editor’s use of the rhetorical devices of logos, ethos, and pathos they discuss the poverty stricken people in America the article uses relatable examples that convince the readers that theShow MoreRelatedThe Comportance Of Financial News On The Internet1232 Words   |  5 Pagesit comes to delivering the best financial and business news on the internet, its hard to beat Forbes and Bloomberg. Their data and news come nicely packaged in the form of intriguing stories, accurate analysis, data, photos, and videos. As good as this all sounds, dont forget that the internet is a huge place. There are plenty of other ways to get your financial news online. Today, we are looking at ten of them. FORBES BLOOMBERG ALTERNATIVES: BUSINESS WEEK BusinessWeek.com is an entirely web-basedRead MoreThe Fall Of Lehman Brothers1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthat has been part of an endless drawn out discussion, ever since the beginning of the crash, is whether big banks should be broken up in to smaller more manageable sized institutions. It is something that divides people, there are many differing opinions on how to handle the current financial situation we are surrounded by. Within this essay, some of the key points of view from both sides of the argument will be put forward, analysing both sides will lead the essay to conclude with whether banksRead MoreThe Fiscal Crisis Of Theu.s. Its Impact On World Economy1876 Words   |  8 Pages Source qualifications: One source that I am using is â€Å"The Economist†, which is a prestigious weekly newspaper. â€Å"The Economist† offers authoritative insight and opinion on international news, politics, business, finance, science and technology. Another source is the world economic outlook update by the â€Å"IMF†. Reports by the â€Å"IMF† are qualified and trustworthy because it is an international organization, which oversees the international monetary and financial system and monitors the economic andRead MoreThe Cause of Globalization18688 Words   |  75 PagesGarrett / CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES / August-September 2000 The most important causes of globalization differ among the three major components of international market integration: trade, multinational production, and international finance. The information technology revolution has made it very difficult for governments to control cross-border capital movements, even if they have political incentives to do so. Governments can still restrict the multinationalization ofRead More The Lexus And The Olive Trees Essay examples2337 Words   |  10 Pages56 of their countries finance houses. These finance houses borrowed heavily in U.S. dollars and lent those dollars out to Thai businesses for the building of hotels, office blocks, luxury apartments and factories. Almost overnight, these private banks had been bankrupted by the crash of the Thai currency, the baht. This situation caused a domino effect on other leading businesses that caused money problems. Many businesses couldnt pay the finance houses back, many finance houses couldnt repay theirRead MoreBerlusconis Struggles Essay2080 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to Silvio Berlusconi, he is the â€Å"best political leader in Europe and in the world.† There can be a difference in opinion regarding that statement, but the majority of Italian voters decided Berlusconi should be elected prime minister again in 2008. He is in the midst of his third term as prime minist er of Italy; inheriting many challenges from his predecessor. During his time in office, addition problems arose. An analysis of Berlusconi’s government reveals three issues affecting Italy:Read MoreFilipino Economist4539 Words   |  19 PagesPhilippines;University of Pennsylvania | Occupation | Economist, Professor, TV Host | Organization | UP  School of Economics | Known  for | Television host and economist | Spouse | Christian S. Monsod | Children | Solita Noemi Toby Melissa Teresa Patricia Christian Enrique Katrina Diane Noelle | Parents | Juan D. Collas Soledad Garduno | Relatives | 5 siblings | Solita Collas-Monsod, popularly known as  Mareng Winnie, is aFilipino  broadcaster,  host,  economist,  professor, and  writer. Professor Monsod isRead MoreEssay on Online Social Networking and Politics2683 Words   |  11 Pagesof mankind. It spreads knowledge and allows for rapid communication amongst untold numbers of people on a scale previously unimaginable. It has revolutionized countless aspects of the modern world, ranging from its effects on business practices and the economy to creating new forms of leisure activities and educational content. The multitude of ways the internet has affected the modern world is truly astonishing. Online social networking is a relatively recent phenomenon of the internet. OnlineRead MoreTunisia: The First Social Media Revolution Essay example2080 Words   |  9 Pageslimited to: Libya, Egypt, Bahrain and Yemen. Throughout all of the revolutions in Africa that have risen in since December, and even before that, social networking has played a major role in reporting the events; not only do these websites report news posted by its members, social networking websites like Facebook and Twitter have also been the meeting-place for people in these countries to organize themselves to protest. WikiLeaks has been but â€Å"a catalyst: both a trigger and a tool for public outcryRead MoreGlobalization Is Not A New Phenomenon2523 Words   |  11 PagesGlobalization is not a new phenomenon; there is an increasing occurrence in the adoption of methods and operations of businesses that allow a greater level of globalization. Theodore Levitt, an editor for the Harvard Business Review, popularized the term ‘Globalization’; he is widely credited with coining the term and bringing it into the mainstream business audience, mentioning it in an article entitled â€Å"Globalization of Markets† in the May-June 1983 issue of Harvard Business Review, due to this he

A World Lit Only By Fire Essay - 1249 Words

A World Lit Only by Fire A World Lit Only By Fire is William Manchester s attempt to write a book of popular history defending the increasingly unpopular view among historians that the medieval world was culturally, religiously, and technologically backward. This world was destroyed by the blossoming of confidence in reason and the progress of art, literacy, astronomy, geography, and theology. The book is divided into three chapters. The first chapter introduces Manchester s conception of the medieval mindset. The second chapter includes a lengthy discussion about how this mindset was continuously challenged by a number of individuals and movements. Finally, the last chapter explores in detail the adventure of Ferdinand Magellan whom Manchester believes shattered the medieval mind and heralded the coming of modernity. The Medieval Mind, is most focused on reviving the oft-scorned term the Dark Ages. For a long time over the last several centuries, it was commonplace to see the time period that last roughly from 400 A.D. to 1400 A.D. as a culturally backward and impoverished period of time. The rough social image is one of a declining Western civilization after the barbaric destruction and decay of the Roman Empire. It would not be until the rise of a number of social movements, the rediscovery of antiquity and the creation of modern science. Then the Western World would emerge from the darkness and enter the light through social periods like the Renaissance and theShow MoreRelatedA World Lit Only By Fire Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesA World Lit Only by Fire The author of A World Lit Only by Fire is William Manchester. This book was written in three chapters. In the first chapter he starts to talk about the dark ages between A. D. 400 and A.D. 1000. He begins to write about this time period were there are no survivors left to be offended. This author attempted to write this book to defend an unpopular view among historians that the medieval world was backward in the terms of culture, religion, and technology. This world was destroyedRead MoreA World Only Lit by Fire1731 Words   |  7 PagesA WORLD LIT ONLY BY FIRE by William Manchester Your assignment is to read the book and answer a set of review questions. The questions will be impossible to answer without actually reading the book. The questions do not necessarily address the larger themes discussed in the book, but are intended to highlight interesting details, and simply force a closer reading of the book. I recommend that you keep the questions before you as you read. You will be asked to affirm that you have done yourRead MoreA World Lit Only By Fire1083 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book A World Lit Only by Fire, the author, William Manchester, describes the period of time between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the start of the Renaissance known as the medieval period, or Middle Ages. The church had the most power in Europe and people struggled with surviving events such as epidemics. Consequently people had very short lives that may have not served them well. Every person in Europe during this time would eventually hear, â€Å"Bring out your d ead!† as the gravediggers’Read MoreA World Lit Only By Fire800 Words   |  4 Pages A World Lit Only By Fire by William Manchester is not only informative of the conflicts that occurred in Europe, but it is humorous and includes perspectives and anecdotes that are not viewed as impartial. It is structured into three separate sections: The Medieval Mind, The Shattering and One Man Alone. The first section effectively talks about the substantial events that occurred in the year 500; this includes the fall of the Roman Empire and the reasons that lie behind its fall. Manchester continuesRead MoreA World Lit Only by Fire Outline Essay8153 Words   |  33 PagesA World Lit Only by Fire by William Manchester Outline The Medieval Mind I. The Dark Ages A. The Years A.D. 400 to A.D. 1000 1. Referred to as the Dark Ages because knowledge and literacy vanished during this era. 2. Rulers during this age were illiterate and most found it trivial. a. Emperor Sigismund said, â€Å"Ego sum rex Romanus et super grammatica†Ã¢â‚¬â€as king of Rome, he was above grammar. B. Rome’s Fall in the Fifth Century 1. The Hsiung-nu (Huns) ravaged though EuropeRead MoreA World Lit Only by Fire Reading Guide Essay3337 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Regine Jackson AP European History A World Lit Only by Fire Reading Guide Part One: The Medieval Mind 1. I know both the Middle Ages and Renaissance took place in Europe. The Middle Ages were terrible times marked by plagues, primitive agricultural machinery, war and lack of proper sanitation. The Renaissance occurred later in Europe, and that was marked by the rebirth of interest in art and intellectual capability. Art usually intertwined religion. 2. Manchester supported using the term â€Å" DarkRead MoreA World Lit Only By Fire : The Medieval Mind And The Renaissance : Portrait Of An Age1047 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Manchester’s â€Å" A World Lit Only by Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance: Portrait of an Age† He demonstrates the change in the Dark Ages from the dependence on religion to independent thinking. Ancient concepts were questioned and proven wrong after thousands of years, and the power of the what finally surpassed the authority of the Pope. Manchester expresses the transition within Europe from the Medieval Times to the Renaissance that included multiple changes in the intellectualRead MoreNighttime Fires Esssay821 Words   |  4 PagesLit. Comp. â€Å"Nighttime Fires† pg. 587 â€Å"Nighttime Fires† â€Å"Nighttime Fires† is a narrative poem written by Regina Barreca. The poet uses powerful imagery which vividly illustrates the lasting impression made upon a girl whose father seeks satisfaction through witnessing the destruction caused by nighttime fires. The poem creates a picture in the reader’s mind of the father’s character as his grown child still remembers from when she was five years old. Although it is obvious that theRead MoreMcCarthyism and Documents of History1422 Words   |  6 Pagesfound it in their best interests to compete for the love and resolve of mother Earth. Initially, during World War Two the United States and the Soviet Union put their philosophies aside and formed a crucial alliance to asphyxiate Nazi inhumane hostility and expansion (Hewitt Lawson, 745). In contrast, Post World War Two, September 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union had emerged as the worlds superpowers but the previous alliance hastily deteriorated resulting in a â€Å"peace time† war that cameRead MoreLord Of The Flies Character Analysis Essay944 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by William Golding and created during the Cold War, however it based during World War II. Ralph, a character in the novel who demonstrates an obvious sense of common sense amongst the other boys and due to his perseverance through all his adversities made him stronger amongst the other boys. Ralph believes in the attempt to keep sense and order, accepts the role of leader , and thinks that maintaining the fire remains essential ,while often calling the group together with a conch shell effecting

Online Reservation Free Essays

Introduction of online reservation system Hotel Reservation System is an easy-to-use reservation management software that can manage your hotel or motel, Ideal for reservations, Hotels and guest houses, Affordable – no cost per booking charges, Easy To Use, Track Customers and avoid Double Bookings, Analyze Reservation Patterns,Automatic Calculations, Reporting System, Multi-users and rights managements, RoomTypes Rooms managements and RatePlan managements. Hotel reservation software with a difference. The ideal alternative to manually tracking customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Reservation or any similar topic only for you Order Now No longer is there a need to keep mounds of paper or lose customer details. Hotel Reservation is a reservation software system designed to simplify the booking process and allow you to get on with running your business. Enter the computer age and reap the benefits of automating the reservation process. Track customers and more importantly help keep the repeat customers. You can analyze reservation trends and work towards your future needs. Rearrange reservations and allocate rooms without an eraser in sight! Managing repeat customers and recording customer preferences helps you to retain your customers. Make your customers feel unique and special by recording personal notes. Welcome them with their nickname at the door! Following the long term trends is important in your hotel. Hotel Reservation makes this easy with our reporting system. With just one click you can analyze trends. Monitor the performance of your promotions and advertising quickly and easily. Each time you make a reservation, the room status is updated and the customer details are added to your hotel database. Conceptual Framework of the Study Figure1, shows the paradigm of the study that online reservation is must for the INN to gain higher-level of competitiveness among its competutor Input Process Output Provide faster, more Accessible to lessen failures in room reservation. Gain higher level Competitiveness. INN Service Query Customer Information Inn Reservation Online Reservation System Figure 1. paradigm of the study RBC INN Provide faster, more Accessible less effort in INN room reservation. http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Online-Reservation-System/632909 http://www. fileguru. com/Hotel-Reservation-System/info http://www. scribd. com/doc/19244137/Online-Hotel-Management-Syst em How to cite Online Reservation, Essay examples

Law on Marine Insurance free essay sample

The aim of this work is to look and investigate the essential changes in coverage provided by the Institute Time Clauses (Hulls) 1995 in comparison o the International Hull Clauses 2003. The case law will be based on the ITCH 1995 due to insignificant number of case based on IHC 2003. Over the last hundred years, the Institute Time Clauses have become an international standard for period insurances on vessels, and this is reflected in the new title of â€Å"International Hull Clauses†. The basis of their success has been providing the cover required by commercial interests, together with the greatest possible degree of certainty in the approach to claims. International Hull Clauses is an update to ITC 1995 due to reflect latest market practices, reflect the new International Safety Management (ISM) code . They also show the modern international world in which the shipowners operate by reflecting the development both in the shipping and the insurance industries. We will write a custom essay sample on Law on Marine Insurance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The new closures contain more provision than the predecessors due to incorporation of the wordings found in Cover Notes, to have a more valuable document. The general principle changes introduced in the IHC 2003 are that now that they are in three parts. This is done to create more logical and distinction sections. Part 1 contains the principle insuring conditions. Part 2 contain commonly used additional clauses, to include optional covers which may be agreed on placing . Part 3 contain the claims the provision and sets out the duties of the Assured and Underwriters. Clause 1. of the IHC 2003 is new and subjects the insurance contract to â€Å"the exclusive jurisdiction of the English High Court of Justice† unless the parties agree to the contrary. If the parties wish to apply other jurisdiction to the insurance policy they have to dismiss this clause. Clause 1. 4 provides that if any provision of the contract in â€Å"invalid or unenforceable† will have no effect on th e other provisions of the insurance. Such cases as Mountian v. Whittle and The Xantho played a great part in the development of marine insurance, and of course those cases could not have had an effect on the IHC 2003. Clause 2. 1. 8 now covers stores and parts and it is subject to strict liability. Clause 2. 1. 9 introduced cover due the â€Å"contact with satellites† what was not present in ITC 1995. In terms of coverage, what was Clause 6 of the Institute Time Clauses is now Clause 2 of the new Clauses. Aside from a few slight modifications, the most important distinctions between the sets of Clauses with respect to this coverage clause is in the treatment given to the bursting of boilers, breakage of shafts and latent defects. With respect to the 1995 Clauses, there is one additional difference. This is the change in the due diligence stipulation to Clause 6. 2 which maintains that â€Å"provided that such loss or damage has not resulted from want of due diligence by the Assured, Owners, Managers or Superintendents or any of their onshore management. † In Clause 2. 2 of the International Hull Clauses, this specification is now similar to the 1983 wording that states â€Å"provided that such loss or damage has not resulted from want of due diligence by the Assured, Owners or Managers. Likewise, allusion to Superintendents and onshore management has been crossed out. Nonetheless, more extensive duties are placed on Assured, Owners and Managers under Clause 14 of the International Hull Clauses so much so that there is not likely to be much additional coverage, if any, under the International Hull Clauses over the 1995 Institute Time Clauses as an outcome of the modifications in the way the stipulatio ns have been phrased. Without doubt, Owners may in specific factual circumstances be in an inferior position because Clause 14 applies with regard to losses and fatalities as a consequence in any of the perils set out in Clause 2 and not merely those in Clause 2. 2 to which the provision is inadequate or restricted. In Clause 2, the principal change has something to do with latent defect. In this respect, the Institute Time Clauses Hulls phraseology was 6. This insurance covers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured caused by 6. 2. 1 Bursting of boilers, breakage of shafts or any latent defect in the machinery or hull. The broad connotation of the Clause and the coverage provided by it has been well comprehended. It is not the burst boiler or broken shaft or latent defect that is covered but loss of the vessel or damage to it that is caused by one of these, which is the consequential loss of or damage to the insured vessel. If there is no such significant damage, for instance, a latent defect is discovered and nothing more, then there is no recovery at all under the insurance. However, if there is some consequential damage it is only the reasonable cost of repairs to that damage which is recoverable, not the part of the cost relating to fixing or repairing of the defect itself or the boiler or shaft. Such cost can be covered by buying additional coverage from underwriters under the Additional Perils Clause 1/11/95. The new clauses. Clause 2. 2 of the new clauses reads as follows:

Effects of food advertising in Australian Television on Children aged 5

Abstract This research is an in exploratory examination of the possible correlation between TV food adverts targeted at children aged between 5-12 years and their parents being persuaded to purchase the advertised products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of food advertising in Australian Television on Children aged 5-12 years. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It uses a content analysis of a sample of ads aired on TV during children’s programming and interviews with 50 parents to examine how food advertising may influence children’s eating habits and their parents’ attitudes on the subject. Introduction Food advertisements are common in many developed countries. These advertisements are mainly used to entice consumers especially children. According to the Young Media Australia (1997 p.1), Australia is one of the nations with the highest number of food advertisements aired during child ren programming. Many studies indicate that a large number of the food products advertised in the Australian TV channels contain high levels of fats and sugar which are associated with a myriad of health problems including obesity. Interestingly, these advertisements are mainly aired during children programming. However, the main problem does not lay on the timing but the contents of the advertisements. Because of these advertisements, children are bound to show preference for these high fat and sugar containing foods at the expense of other food products that are healthy and highly nutritious(Gantz, Schwartz, Angelini Rideout, 2007 pp 8-11). This has been a subject of controversy among many stakeholders especially parents. In this debate, the relevant authorities especially the Australian Communications and Media Authority Children’s Television Standards have been put on the spot as to why they are not putting measures to address the situation (ACMA, 2005 p.6). The rational e for carrying out this research is to evaluate the impact of food advertisements on children aged between 5-12 years in the period between 2005 and 2010. The study awakens awareness on the role played by media in shaping eating habits.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Previous research has shown that food advertising is very instrumental in persuading children to consume unhealthy foods and this has raised concern by parents (Harding, 1999 p.7). This study will examine parents’ attitudes on food advertisements. It will also expound on the measures put in place to counter the effects of food advertisements. Problem Statement There has been a big outcry from different parties on the impact of food advertisements on television during children viewing time. It has been argued that such advertisements have negative impact on children and have led to parents becoming more concerned on their children’s eating habits. As a result, it has been argued that they should be banned. Nevertheless, banning such advertisements has many implications and may not be the long-term solution. This current research will substantiate claims on the effects of these advertisements by examining their impacts on children aged 5-12 who have been termed as the major casualties as well their parents’ attitudes towards such advertisements. It is important to study the influence of food advertisements on children in this age range because obesity, a condition linked to unhealthy eating diets is having a toll on Australian children. Failure to address this issue will lead to the children growing up with such conditions, which may lead to other severe healthy complications like high blood pressure. In addition, this research will be an eye-opener to the regulation bodies to tighten their grip. Research Questions This research answers the following questions: Which age group is likely to be affected by food advertisements? Which parts of Australia are mostly affected by food advertisements? Do food advertisements in Australian TV influence children aged 5-12 years? What do parents think about food advertising during children’s TV programming and the Government’s role in regulating it? Research Objectives This study is centered on the following objectives:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of food advertising in Australian Television on Children aged 5-12 years. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To establish whether food advertisements in Australian TV during children programming have any negative effect on children aged 5 to 14 years. To establish whether food advertisements in Australian TV during children programming have any effect on parents’ attitude regarding their children’s eating habits. Epistemologies and theoretical perspectives The ep istemologies that will be used in the research are: Objectivism (Use of content analysis) In objectivism, the research will attempt to find out the truth concerning the effects of food advertising on children. Subjectivism Under the research will establish whether the widely held belief that food advertisements are harmful to children is true. Research paradigms The research paradigms are: Positivism The research falls under the positivist paradigm as it has used a content analysis of advertisements. Interpretivism Interpretivism is applied in the study as it seeks to collect data on the parents’ interpretations of the influence of these ads may have on their children and their own buying habits. It tries to understand the correlations between food advertising on TV during children’s programming and the consumption of unhealthy food by children Critical paradigm Under critical paradigm, the research is a call for the relevant authorities to regulate food advertisements during children programming as they having healthy implications on the child-consumer.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review Many scholars have dedicated their research on the impact of advertisements to the consumer fraternity (Watts, 2007 p. 8, Harding, 1999 p. 12 and Turner Crowle, 2010 p.7). The high number of marketing avenues provided by the ever-growing media technologies has necessitated this. One of the media where advertisement has been successful is on the television. Advertisements contain different contents and target different audiences. There are those marketing cosmetics, drugs or even food products. Most of the food products advertised on television are composed of sweets, fast foods and snacks and targets children (McGinnis, Gootman Kraak, 2006 p.23). Advertisement targeting children is a recent phenomenon. In deed, its evolution goes hand in hand with that of the television which became commonplace in households from the twentieth century. In modern times, the phenomenon has been boosted by the fact that parents are spending more on home entertainment, a fact that has given markets an added advantage and therefore enabling them to reach more markets in such children channels like Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon. Another factor that has enabled that is given advertisers targeting children an upper hand is because parents have a high pester power. This means that they have more money at their disposal that they are willing to spend in buying goods for their children now than in the past. This has been necessitated by many factors like small family sizes, family planning and earnings from both spouses (Media Awareness Network, 2010 p.1). Given that parents have high purchasing power, they are likely to give in to the pestering demand of their children. Further, these ‘unhealthy’ and fast foods are also convenient for busy parents. The parents themselves must have grown up on these fast foods when they were not considered unhealthy as today. Though a recent phenomenon, advertisers targeting children have gone a step ahead to ensure that a child will get what he or she wants when they go shopping with their parents. This is because modern advertisements targeting children address them as consumers in their own making and therefore the advertisers enables marketers to come up with ways of making their brand known which would in return influence the children’s buying habits (Harding, 1999 p.4). The American Psychological Association has criticized this move by advertisers to exploit children, though not per se because of a number of reasons. The prominent is that children do not depict the traits needed for the mature assessment of advertisements. These traits include the ability of distinguishing commercial and non-commercial contents. The other trait is the ability of attributing persuasion to advertisements and therefore critically interpreting the advertisement’s message (John, 1999 p.12). The American Psychological Association holds that at the age of four, children consider advertisements as enter tainment while from six to seven years they hold that they contain information. Though a bit grown, at the age of seven and eight years, they cannot differentiate between information and persuasion. At ten to twelve years, children are already entering teen hood and therefore comprehend aims of advertisements but are not able to expound on sales techniques (Kunkel et al, 2004 p.13). In a nut-crack, the effects of food advertising are many. There is substantial evidence pointing that food advertising leads to consumption of junk foods that lead to weight related complexities like overweight and obesity among children. By 2010, the World Health Organization estimates of children with overweight concerns stood at 42 million (WHO, 2010). In the period between 2007 and 2008, Australia had an estimated eight percent of her children being obese while seventeen percent were overweight (Turner Crowle, 2010 p.5-12). There is a high likelihood of obese or overweight children growing up to obe se adults and as a result prone to attack by chronic diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes (WHO, 2010 p.1). This then poses a challenge for society due to health and production costs. Although such ailments have a direct effect on the affected country’s economies, the full affects narrows down to the parents of the affected. That is why parents are increasingly becoming aware of the risks imposed by food advertising during children programming and therefore necessitating the need for the relevant policy makers to act appropriately. If a report by American Kaiser Family Foundation in 2007 is anything to go by, half of the advertisements during children programming is dedicated to food advertising (Gantz, Schwartz, Angelini Rideout, 2007 p. 8-11). These scholars further add that during the time at which children are most likely to be viewing television, there are no advertisements marketing fruits and vegetables though these are healthy products. Gantz et al, (2007 p. 9) also found out that apart from the products advertised making use of the appeal of taste; they also capitalized on other areas as if the alleged novelty and health benefits derived from the products with some said to contain important nutritional elements. Watts (2007 p.7) concludes that food marketing is â€Å"almost always for unhealthy products and this plays an important role in encouraging unhealthy habits which are likely to continue into adulthood†. Research has also shown that food advertisements on TV not only affect food choices but also impact on brands and categories bought. The British Heart Foundation also found out that the effects of advertisement are enhanced by a number of factors. Simply put, it is not just the simple advertisement that leads a child to buy a certain junky product. Other factors include how the products are packaged, endorsements from celebrities, color and shape of the products as depicted on the advert as well as peer pressure (Watts, 2007 p.10). Lobstein et al (2005 p.12) identifies a positive link between the number of food advertisements on television and obesity cases in children across countries. Going by this study of February 1996, Australia and the US topped the list of countries with high number of food advertisements during children programming. The former had 39.2% of children viewing time dedicated to food advertisements while the latter recorded 44.4%. As a result, obesity prevalence stood at 19.9% in the US and 26.0% in Australia. Else where in Sweden during the same period, it had 21% of children programming devoted to food advertisement resulting to 16% obesity prevalence (Lobstein et al, 2005 p10). The above study and other researches done by different scholars all point out that there is in fact a close link between food advertisements and poor food choices as well as an overall poor diet increasing obesity complications(Ofcom, 2006 p.1). Although this established link between adiposity and food advertisements exists, it is more difficult to prove the causative link between overweight or obesity and food advertisements. This is because cases of obesity and overweight are caused by multiple factors and therefore food advertisements cannot be studied in isolation and extrapolated as an everyday life cause of the complications. Nevertheless, the counter argument still stands and therefore this provides for a call of the concerned authorities to take up the challenge and reduce children’s exposure to these harmful advertisements. The Australian Communications and Media Authority came up with new standards concerning the amount of advertising that can be aired during children’s programming. The ACMA dictates that the maximum number of advertising period is 10-13 minutes per hour for programs aimed at children aged below 14 years. The imposed restrictions are also applicable to the repetition of such advertisements. Each advertisement should be aired for a maximum number of two times in a span of 30 minutes (ACMA, 2005 p.3). The Australian commercial television industry works under these guidelines. Despite the imposition of the above restrictions, food advertisements continue to lure many children to consuming unhealthy foods. As such, there is need for a concerted effort by the government as well as marketing and consumer groups in order to ameliorate the content and regulation of food promotion to children. Television advertises can aid by directing their marketing prowess in relaying healthy food messages instead of the current junky foods they advertise while the food industry acts as the medium in which all these are taking place (Hastings, 2003 p4). Research methodology The research will be conducted in a sample population of fifty parents and hundred children drawn from all parts of Australia. Sampling Data to be used will be generated from random samples of videotaped television programs from a sample of TV channels namely Channel 7, channel 9, channel 10, Nickelodeon and free view channel like go. These channels will be selected because they are popular with children. As such, children are bound to watch them more than any other channel. The recording period will be seven days selected when during holidays when most of the children are at home. The advertisements content analyzed will be those aired during children programming slots between 7:00-8:00 am and 8:00-8.30 pm on weekdays as well as 7:00-11:30 am on weekends. Coding The data from the content analysis will be coded using a prepared coding manual and entered into a database using MS Excel. The spreadsheet will have columns for entering the name of the TV program, time slot, and number of times each advertisement was aired in each program, number of advertisements per break, the advertisement duration. Others will include brand name of product advertised, type of product advertised (e.g. Junk food, fast food restaurant, healthy food, toys, sugarcoated c ereals, candy, crisps and pastries soft drink, sugared drinks, etc.). If children were portrayed in the ad and how (e.g. eating, playing, active, dancing, happy, fun, etc), how Commercials advertising are designed to attract and hold children’s attention to the food product (e.g. Action, sound effects, and loud music, cartoon, animation etc)? Opinions of parents on these advertising will be collected by use of a telephone survey using computer assisted telephone interviewing undertaken in the same period the advertisements will be recorded. A representative sample of parents of children aged 5-12 years living in different parts of Australia will be selected for the survey. The researcher will use the services of a market research company to undertake the interviews because such companies have extensive databases comprising of representative samples of telephone numbers used for weekly national telephone surveys, hence providing access to the target audiences. The questions th at will be used in the interview are contained in the appendix of this paper. Data from the content analysis will be analyzed using SPSS version 14.0 for Windows and interview data will be analysed using the grounded theory method and NVivo software. Coding manual During content analysis, a food advertisement will initially fall in three categories. These include a non-food ad, a healthy or core food ad, and an unhealthy or non-core food ad. A food advertisement will be termed as a health or core food if it advertises breads and cereals; fruits and vegetables; dairy and dairy products; meat and meat alternatives and baby foods. Unhealthy or non-core food advertisements will be viewed as those belonging to the following categories: chocolate and confectionery; fast food and takeaways; cakes and biscuits; snack foods; fruit juice; alcohol, and fruit juice. Others in this category will include desserts; infant and toddler formulae, tea; coffee, and chewing gum. An advertisement will be taken as directed to children if it uses child-oriented premium offers like prizes and giveaways, jingles and cartoons, if it emphasizes on fun, excitement and happiness, and if it hints that, the product will make children special or superior. In addition, the ad will be taken as children-focused if it uses famous children celebrities and sports stars to promote a product and lastly, if it directs pleads with children. If a food advertisement will be found to be directed at children, reviewers will determine if it has breached any Industry Code of Practice Guidelines on children advertisements. Variables Independent variables An independent variable is the central part of any research. It is secluded and manipulated by the researcher. An independent variable is chosen by the researcher to determine its link to an observed phenomenon. Since this research will be based on a social science subject, it is bound to have a number of independent variables. These included the types of foo d advertised, time slot and duration of the food advertisements, geographical locations of the TV channels, and age of children. Dependent Variables A dependent variable is the outcome of any research. Since the research is centered on the influence of food advertisements on children aged 5-12 years, the dependent variable in this case will be the level of influence that such ads have on children inn the specified age category. Another outcome of the research, and hence, a dependent variable is the parents’ attitudes concerning food advertisements directed to children. Budget The research will incur numerous costs given that the sample population will have to be drawn from all parts of Australia. This will be in form: Remuneration for the research company carrying out computer assisted interviews Telephone Computer disks for recording of ads Researcher’s salary for time spent on content analysis Remuneration for the research company carrying out computer assisted inte rviews given the vast data and time variable Stationery and printing Challenges This research poses a number of challenges in this study process. As evident from the literature review section, the research relies heavily on recent research on the topic. This is because, generally, media influence is a highly researched field and, therefore, there are a myriad of resourceful materials on the same. This poses a great challenge on the originality of the whole study as cases of plagiarism may mar its authenticity. The research is also very subjective. It presupposes that TV ads influence children to purchase unhealthy products leading to obesity. The research does not put into consideration other causes of obesity like genetic factors. Though it is exploratory, the study relies heavily on the society’s opinions and therefore is prone to generalizations that may affect the authenticity of the outcome. Ethical Issues The opinions to be obtained in interviews will be based on subje cts with an informed consent to participate in the process. As such, participation will be voluntary. The research will take the necessary precaution not to harm the interviewees’ confidentiality. Another ethical issue that is bound to arise from this research is that parents are likely to be affected by social desirability when interviewed. They may, therefore provide misleading information to interviewers in order to impress them. Interviewees may also find the subject of the interview prying since they may be victims of unhealthy food advertisements. For instance, parents could be purchasing takeaways and other fast due to being busy and not being advertisements. In addition, fast foods are cheaper than core foods, an act that may attract the economically challenged. Precautions In order to avoid stalling the study, there is need for the interviewers to maintain a high degree of courtesy during the interviews so as not to arouse the interviewees emotions hence interfering with the authenticity of the data collected. The interviewer should also state their mission before in order to prepare the other party psychologically. There should also be a guarantee of anonymity to the subjects in cases where any sensitive information like their race, salary, religious affiliation is requested. Reference list *Australian Association of National Advertisers (AANA), 2004, Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, [online], http.aba.gov.au/contentreg/codes/television/documents/Code of Practice- July 2004.pdf *Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), 2009, Review of the children’s Television Standards 2005: final report of the review [online], http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/aba/contentreg/codes/television/documents/revie w of percentage 20childrens_tv_standards_2005.pdf Crowle, J Turner E, 2010, Productivity Commission staff working paper, Childhood obesity: an economic perspective, Productivity Commission, Melbourne [online], http://www. pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/103308/childhood-obesity.pdf Gantz, W, Schwartz, N, Angelini, A Rideout, V, 2007, Food for thought: television advertising to children in the United States, Kaiser Family Foundation, [online] http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7618.pdf Harding, E, 1999, ‘Pester power vs. purchasing power’, [online], http://www.fim.uk.com/articles/pesterpower.html *Hastings, G, Stead, M, McDermott, L, Forsyth, A, Mackintosh, A, Rayner, M, Godfrey, C, Caraher Angus, 2003, Review of research on the effects of food promotion to children, final report, Center for Social Marketing, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. *John, D, 1999, Journal of Consumer Research, ‘Consumer socialization of children: a retrospective look at twenty-five years of research’ Kunkel, D, Wilcox, B, Cantor, J, Palmer E, Linn, S Dowrick P, 2004, Report of the APA taskforce on advertising and children: psychological issues in the increasing commercialization of chi ldhood, American Psychological Association, Washington,[online], http://www.chawisconsin.org/Obesity/0 2ChildAds.pdf *Lobstein, T, Dibb S, 2005, ‘Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight’, Obesity Review 6(3). *McGinnis, M, J, Gootman, J, A, Kraak, V, I, 2006, Food marketing to children and youth: Threat or opportunity? Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Children, Youth and Families, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. *Media Awareness Network, 2010, ‘How marketers target kids,’ [online], http://www.media- awareness.ca/english/parents/marketing/marketers_target_kids.cfm Moore, E, 2006, It’s child’s play: advergaming and online marketing of food to children, Kaiser Family Foundation, [online], http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7536.pdf Ofcom Department of Office Communications, 2006, Television advertising of food and drink products to children: Options for new restrictions, Update of Consultation document. *Watts, R, 2007, British Heart Foundation and Children’s Food Campaign, Protecting children from unhealthy food marketing, [online], http://www.sustainweb.org/pdf/Protecting_Children_Report.pdf World Health Organization (WHO), 2011, ‘Childhood overweight and obesity’ [online], http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/index.html *Young Media Australia, 1997, Sugar foods and fast food frenzies: Report on the good for you or good to eat project, YMA, Adelaide, SA. NB * Primary sources The rest of the references are secondary sources Appendix Proposed Interview Questions Which part of Australia do you come from? Which age group do you think is mostly affected by advertisements? What do you think of children’s advertisement? What products have you seen advertised? Are some of the products advertised on food? Can you identify some? How were the products you identified advertised? What do your children think of these adverti sements and the products advertised? Do they ask to have the products after they have seen them advertised? How do you react then? This essay on Effects of food advertising in Australian Television on Children aged 5-12 years. was written and submitted by user Iker Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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